The History of Kali and Escrima
 by: Michael Smith

Filipino Kali is the martial art of stick fighting. Hard, bamboo sticks are used for defense and to attack. They have made this particular fighting style into a unique and deadly martial art form.

Kali Practitioners are first taught weapons fighting before hand to hand combat, differentiating itself from other martial art styles. A student in any other Asian Martial Art is expected to master hand to hand combat before moving on to weapons.

A definition of Kali would be: A Martial Art specializing in the use of two baton-length sticks, with techniques adaptable to empty-hand or edged weapons.

The word “escrima” originates from the Spanish verb “escrime”, meaning to fence with a sword. Escrima is thought to have originated during the Spanish occupation of the Philippine Islands. Escrima is often used synonymously for Arnis and Kali.

Kali is an ancient term used to signify the martial arts in the southern Philippines. This martial art style is known as Kali-Silat. During the occupation by Spain, it was forbidden to practice Kali.

Studies of dance forms in the Philippines show the influence of Kali. Kali martial arts movements are ingrained in all the hand gestures and footsteps of the dances. These Kali patterns are not to be seen in the dances of India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Japan, Pacific islanders.

Both men and women were taught martial arts in the Philippines. Combat was a fact of life and used against neighboring tribes, warlords and foreign occupiers.

Kali, Ecrima or Arnis stick fighting was developed over a period of many centuries. The people of the Philippines fought constant foreign invaders during this time. Each struggle against a new culture added to the Filipino Martial Arts as Kali warriors developed techniques to counter, combat and integrate many foreign styles. More than 100 different Filipino Martial Arts styles developed, which can be grouped into three complete self-defense systems which utilize sticks, swords, empty hands and other weapons. The systems are called Northern, Southern, and Central.

In Kali the assumption is always to use the edge of a blade, be it sword or knife. Kali employs many techniques, including strikes, stances and weapons handling, which have influences from China, Arabia, Indonesia and Spain.

The Southern islands, where influenced by Arab missionaries and became know as (Moro Filipinos”), fierce Moslems who violently opposed foreign peoples on their native land. During the American occupation in the early 1900s, Moros, marked by tiger-eyes and red headbands – signifying a resolve to kill until killed battled American trrops.

The Moro’s we so ferocious that the American soldiers found their .38-caliber pistols ineffective. As a result the .45-caliber pistol was designed as a knock down weapon specifically to deal with the Moros. The American militray term “leather neck” comes from fighting the Moro’s during this time. American Marines would wrap their necks in leather to keep from getting injured by the Kali warriors.

In 1935, the Philippines were occupied by the Japanese during World War II. Known for close-in, hand-to-hand combat with bolo knives, Filipino troops established themselves as fierce guerrilla forces.

Following the war, many Kali practitioners migrated from the Philippines to Hawaii and California. They lived close together, working as farm laborers and practicing their martial art in secret.

After years of secrecy the old Kali masters started to teach a younger generation the beautiful and deadly Filipino Martial Art. Its sad to say that the older generation of Kali masters believe the martial art is dead in the Phillipines.

Todays Kali practicioner shows respect to the art by the use of a visual salutation. They touch the closed fist of their right hand to their forehead and the open palm if the left hand to their heart.

Some of these masters of Kali who have continued the art are Angel Cabales, Regino Ellustrisimo, Leo Giron, John LaCoste, Ben Largusa, and Floro Villabrille.

For additional information and other Martial Arts articles visit: http://www.allmartialarts.info

About The Author

Michael Smith holds a Black Belt in Korean Hapkido and has trained in Karate, Kung Fu and Kick Boxing. Learn the secrets of the worlds most popular martial arts. Visit http://www.allmartialarts.info Today!

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Students who are interested in taking up careers in legal, law enforcement and corrections field can look up more information about online criminal justice degree at www.DegreeAuthority.com. Educational institutions offer students the chance to pursue a certificate, associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s even perhaps doctoral degrees in the field of criminal justice. If you desire to work as a police officer, a private investigator or even an FBI agent enrolling in criminal justice programs can be a wise choice.

Online Criminal Justice Programs

Are you eager to take up a job with the Department of Homeland Security or the Department of Defense but commitments prevent you from attending regular college? Well, many accredited and recognized criminal justice colleges offer a variety of programs to choose from, students can earn a certificate in management and supervision, law enforcement, legal studies and court processes or they can take up a program to become a crime scene technician. Students can take up programs that concentrate on juvenile justice, computer crime, administration of criminal justice, organizational management, law enforcement, cyber security, computer forensics, crime analysis, law, fraud examination and global issues. Programs that concentrate in private security, public safety, disaster preparedness, disaster management, forensic psychology and forensic nursing are also available. With so many choices, students often hesitate in making a choice, we at www.DegreeAuthority.com wish to educate and inform students, clear their doubts and help them choose the right program at a reputable educational institution. Those who wish to get entry-level jobs can consider taking up certificate or associate’s degree programs in criminal justice while those who are intent on pursuing higher education can consider taking up a PhD criminal justice program.

Has it been one of your dreams to become a State or city police office, do you wish to work in the sheriff’s office? You must consider taking up an online criminal justice degree. Taking up this program offers you many career opportunities; you can work as a drug enforcement officer, prison guard, a customs inspector, a US Marshall or as a security agent. An associate’s degree will introduce students to courts, justice system, private security management and law enforcement. Kaplan University, Axia College, Berkeley College, ECPI, Everest University, Keiser College, American InterContinental University Online, University of Phoenix, Anthem College Online, Iowa Central College, Colorado Technical University Online, and ITT Technical University online are some of the institutions that offer associate’s degrees in this field of study. Check out www.DegreeAuthority.com for detailed explanation of the curriculum and then choose your school of choice.

Students can take up bachelor’s and master’s degree programs as many of the institutions offer updated and well-designed programs in this field. AIU, Ellis University, Boston University, Florida Tech University, Everest University, National American University, Virginia College Online, University of Cincinnati Online, University of Phoenix, Utica College, Liberty University Online, Walden University, Capella University, Regis University Online, Kaplan University and Ashford University are some of the institutions that offer undergraduate and post graduate degrees in criminal justice. Students can browse through www.DegreeAuthority.com to find out in-depth and comprehensive details about all criminal justice colleges in the United States.

A degree in criminal justice will be a right choice if you are service oriented and interested in helping people become better individuals. Those interested in working as social workers or correctional officers can choose to get an education in this field. Do not hesitate to choose an online mode of education, it is more convenient, flexible and definitely affordable. Students can interact with fellow students and instructors online, and study at a time that is convenient to them. web field trips, academic exercises and message boards make the online learning experience memorable and interesting. Interactive multimedia and the latest technology make the online learning experience even more effective. Many students find that these online criminal justice programs offer them the opportunity to work full-time simultaneously. Financial aid is also available to the students and you can get more details by looking up www.DegreeAuthority.com as well as the respective website of the school that you are interested in studying. Some institutions offer students the chance to customize their program of study, take up accelerated degree programs or additional professional certification programs that will help them in their chosen careers. Those who take up postgraduate degree programs will be trained in areas such as policy, theory, administration and research that will train them to hold responsible positions in the many facets of the criminal justice system..

If you wish to get a top job in the field of criminal justice, or wish to become an instructor or are interested in taking up research, you can consider taking up a PhD criminal justice program. The doctoral program will help students get the required skill sets to comprehend the many complex issues that need to be addressed in the field of criminal justice. Students can concentrate on human services in the field of criminal justice, law and society, public policy and administration, and public safety. Students need to complete and present an original dissertation, students can complete this program within 24-36 months, and most of them include 2-4 weeks residency. Walden University, University of Illinois, University of the Rockies – Online and Capella University are some of the institutions that offer doctoral programs in this field of study. Look up www.DegreeAuthority.com and get all the details.

The field of criminal justice is indeed very popular and many students are taking up programs in this field because of the diverse career prospects. It is no wonder that in the year 2007, more students enrolled for an associate’s degree in the field of criminal justice than any other field of study. It has great career prospects and students like the fact that they are doing their part to keep society safe for today’s children. Students can get online, browse through www.DegreeAuthority.com and get the latest news and information about criminal justice programs. This will help you choose a school and a program that best meets your personal and professional goals.

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DegreeAuthority.com: Obtain information about Top Programs like business, career oriented diploma, college, criminal justice, culinary programs, design program, education and teaching, engineering, graduate, health care, information technology, psychology vast listings of Programs.

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Quick 60 Prevention/Intervention Reading Program

Background and Research

Quick 60 is a fast and easy-to-administer prevention/intervention program designed to have students reading on grade level in 60 quick lessons or less.

Quick 60 builds on the Florida research of Iversen and Tunmer (Journal of Learning Difficulties, Sept 2005, Vol 35/5) which tested a modified Reading Recovery„ program for groups of up to three students without compromise to any of the factors influencing reading development. Phonemic awareness, phonics, comprehension, vocabulary, and fluency are all integral parts of the Quick 60 program which also incorporates writing, spelling, and group dynamics.

Instructional Model

A simple instructional model has been developed so that teachers, tutors, and/or coaches can successfully implement the Quick 60 program without further training.

Each 40-minute lesson has six components each building on the previous one. These include fast reading and writing of high frequency words in isolation, fluent reading practice, checking on-going reading development, spelling, acquiring a new skill, and practicing it while reading connected text.

Lesson Components

Lesson Component Purpose Time in minutes

Quick Quiz Builds skills fluency 3

Quick Read Builds reading fluency 5

Quick Check Monitors ongoing reading development 6

Quick Write Builds writing strategies 6

New Skill Teaches new reading skills explicitly and systematically 10

New Book Provides practice for new skills on connected text 10

Materials

Foundation Pack

This pack is designed to be used in Pre K and Kindergarten and also with students in higher grades who do not have basic reading skills. It includes -

•8 big books that teach the following phonemic awareness skills

rhyme awareness word awareness

syllable awareness alliteration

concepts about print onset rime

phoneme blending phoneme segmentation

•26 student books that teach the 26 alphabet letter names and sounds, and 26 basic high-frequency words.

Grade-Level Packs

Grades 1 – 3 each contain 60 carefully leveled decodable factual books.

Grades 4 – 5 contain fewer books divided into 60 lessons.

Teacher Support Material

The teacher support material includes the following:

•simple pre and post tests

•a program scope and sequence

•lesson plans describing what is to be taught in each lesson, and how to teach it

• copies of each text showing the teacher what the students should be able to read given the skills that have been previously taught. All teacher support material comes free with the Quick 60 program.

Find out more now at http://www.iversenpublising.com

About The Author

Mark founded Tauhinu Productions, an educational publishing company, six years ago. Tauhinu Productions produced major works including Fireflies for Oxford University Press in the United Kingdom, and Future Scientists for Macmillan Education in Australia.

Mark is currently undertaking PhD research into elementary reading. He has a Masters Degree in Business Studies, and a Bachelor of Arts Degree majoring in English and Education. He also has a Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching and has taught in schools around the world. Mark has been in charge of reading and has also taught children with special needs. This program Quick 60 is the property of Iversen Publishing

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Liberals, historians aghast at History Channel's Kennedy mini-series – Yahoo! News

In a 2007 New Yorker profile, “24″ co-creator and executive producer Joel Surnow is portrayed as an unabashed conservative: He smokes cigars with Rush Limbaugh, can “hardly think” of Ronald Reagan without “breaking into tears,” and believed that “America [was] in its glory days” under President Bush. For being a right-leaning power player flourishing in a bastion of liberal politics, Surnow is understandably revered in conservative circles. And, naturally, he’s ruffled feathers on the left.

Now he’s producing a miniseries for the History Channel about the Kennedys, the closest thing the Democratic Party has to royalty, and historians – as well as a liberal documentary filmmaker – are up in arms.

The eight-hour series, titled “The Kennedys,” is still in the early stages of production.  But when its script began circulating around Hollywood for casting purposes, it made its way into the hands of liberal documentary filmmaker Robert Greenwald. After reading it and finding it to be what he termed a piece of “political character assassination,” Greenwald drew up a list of twenty “reputable historians” to pass the script to for their opinions.

What the historians found: The script painted a sensational view of the Kennedys and contained numerous factual inaccuracies. Further, Ted Sorenson, a close adviser to President Kennedy, lamented that “every single conversation with the president in the Oval Office or elsewhere in which I, according to the script, participated, never happened.”

So Greenwald is fighting back by publicizing a video in which scholars he contacted offer their opinions and grievances with the script. According to Greenwald, the historical inaccuracies include:

-A scene where Joe Kennedy, the patriarch of the famously Catholic family, smashes a crucifix over his knee.

-A scene that suggests JFK came up with the idea for the construction of the Berlin Wall during World War II.

-Numerous sex scenes that, they believe, portray President Kennedy as an out-of-control sex fiend who confides to his brother Robert that he gets migraines if he doesn’t sleep with new women on a regular basis.

-A scene in which the timing of Kennedy’s introduction of the Peace Corps is not accurate.

-Little to no acknowledgment of the Cuban missile crisis, the event viewed by most as the most significant, and perhaps most successful, of the Kennedy presidency.

-References to exit-polling in a scene about the 1960 presidential election, a time when exit-polling had yet to come into existence.

Watch Greenwald’s video here:

In defense of the project, Steve Kronish, the miniseries’ head writer, told the Huffington Post that the uproar was premature. He explained that producing scripted content is an evolutionary process, and that the version of the script Greenwald obtained is far from final. Kronish, who labeled himself a liberal politically, implored critics to hold their criticism until the final product is released. He said that to trash the project in its early stages is unfair, and that people need to “recognize also that this is not a documentary, it is a dramatization.”

Additionally, Kronish told the New York Times that he’s using numerous historical Kennedy biographies in the process of researching the project, adding that his finished script “will require bibliographic annotations and legal vetting” before the History Channel allows filming to begin.

The uproar over “The Kennedys” reminds some of a similar 2003 controversy surrounding “The Reagans,” a CBS miniseries that offered what many conservatives and Reagan family members considered an unflattering portrayal of the former president and first lady. CBS eventually caved to public outcry and canceled the series, which later aired on Showtime.

– Brett Michael Dykes is a contributor to the Yahoo! News blog

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Psychology School Prerequisites

In the last few years, a psychology justice degree has earned a vast popularity. In fact, in recent times it has actually turned out to be one of the most admired degree programs in the United States. Today attaining a degree in psychology actually matters a lot as there are many career opportunities in psychology. Moreover, earning a top psychology degree can even lead to a very rewarding and highly paid career.

These days, there are various degrees available in different fields of psychology like bachelor, master and diploma that are offered by various psychology schools. Many schools even offer online degree programs. However, today choosing the best and right psychology school can at times be as tricky as picking the right psychology degree program. Though, with a clear understanding of area you wish to choose to earn your specialization, your selection might turn simpler, but there are certain prerequisites that you must meet or need to aware of before getting into a psychology school.

Generally, every psychology school looks at number of factors in selecting students before admitting. The ultimate aim is to choose and pick students who are likely to have the aptitude and skills vital to complete their program. No doubt, every school has its own selection criteria, but the most important factors that most psychology schools in the United States typically look at or place most emphasis are:

Grades in college: Almost every psychology school offering different psychology program in the U.S look for candidates who must score above a minimum GPA. Therefore as a student, you need to have above minimum GPA. Lower than the minimum GPA will not let you get into a psychology school. While doctoral programs look for a minimum of a 3.2, master’s degree programs cutoffs are around 2.7 to 3.0.

Graduate Record Examination Scores: Most schools require you to take the GRE general (aptitude) test and the GRE subject area test in psychology. The GRE general (aptitude) section is usually available in both in the traditional paper-and-pencil version and an individual administered computer form given at Sylvan Learning Centers. You need to appear for GRE test and must try to earn a good score.

Letters of Recommendation: Letter of r
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ecommendation is yet another important element that acts as a selection criteria. It play a very helpful role especially for selection committee when there are situations that need to be explained or specific accomplishments that may not be apparent from your application materials. Therefore, it is very important for you present you “Letters of recommendation”, mentioning about all of your positive aspects, both extracurricular and academic.

Experience: You just cannot ignore you research or work experience if you are really planning to get into a best school. You research or work experience can really provide an extra attention over other applicants. So it is important for you to show the proper proof of your experience. Especially if you are looking at a research-intensive program, the school might require candidate who have been involved in earlier research.

When you have decided to opt for a career in psychology, you should be particular about the training and the prerequisites before choosing the right school. All you need is to follow the basics mentioned above, which in turn may help you to get into a right psychology school.

By: Erik R Johnson

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Find information about best Psychology School, best Psychology Majors and top Psychology Degree Programs at PsychologySchoolsU.com. This is an online Psychology education resource providing information about top psychology colleges, university and schools of USA and Canada.

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Online University Reviews Guide For Higher Education

Online degree programs offered by American Universities and colleges are being pursued by students from within United States and abroad. These degree programs are high in content value and recognized worldwide. Most of these online courses are as valuable as any classroom studies and involves considerable homework and assignments. Online group discussions help is developing teamwork and leadership qualities. Before getting involved in this serious affair, one needs to be very sure of the shortlisted online university. Online University Reviews are a sure way of knowing about the institute inside out as these are provided by students who have experienced life there.

Before starting on with the research of online reviews, one must know the parameters to evaluate the online university on. These are:

1. Accreditation of the online university is a must. With proper accreditation of the school, you can be sure of getting quality education and hence nice employment offers after successful completion of the course.
2. The placement assistance provided by the university is another very important aspect as this determines a bright and safe future. With a placement offer in hand from campus after the course completion, makes life relatively easy for people.
3. The facilities provided by the school are equally important as this makes learning a comfortable experience.
4. Costing is another major parameter. There are some universities that provide equally good education at a comparatively less cost. This must be researched thoroughly.

Now read on the reviews on some prestigious online universities.

Columbia Southern University (CSU) offers online Bachelor, Maters and Doctoral degrees in Fire Science, Criminal Justice Administration, Business, Environmental Management and Occupational, Safety and Health. On a scale 1 to 10, the overall rating of Columbia Southern University is 9.14, its teachers have been rated 8.75, the institution 9, materials 8.84, support 9.07 and value 9.29. CSU online degree courses are laid out in a convenient format for timely completion. These online courses of CSU are comparatively cheaper than other distant learning courses. Columbia Southern University however lacks in prompt correspon
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dences and replies.

Seton Hall University (SUH) offers online degree courses in Healthcare Administration, Nursing, Health Systems Administration, School Counseling, and Strategic Communication and leadership. SUH on a scale of 1 to10 is rated 9.23 on overall performance. Their teachers are marked 9, their materials 8.8, and support 9.13. SHU’s institution is marked 9.2 and its value rated 9.1. The online degree courses of Seton Hall University are value based and thorough. Their online programs are as valuable and rigorous as their classroom programs. Self-discipline, leadership and team work are the basic human values nurtured at SUH.

Norwich University provides online Masters Degree courses in Information Assurance, Business Administration, Military History, Civil Engineering, and Justice Administration. On a scale of 1 to 10, the overall rating of Norwich University is 9.07. The institution is rated 9.28, its teachers 8.48, materials provided 8.52, support 9.35 and value 8.98. The study programs are thorough and require considerable involvement. Assignments set are tough and time consuming. Online discussions and team projects are fun and educative at the same time.

American Military University (AMU) established in 1993 offers online Bachelors degree programs in Environmental Studies, Information Technology Management, Transportation and Logistics Management, American Military History, Legal Studies, Intelligence Studies, and Homeland Security. Online Masters are offered in Security Management, and History. AMU in a rating scale of 1 to 10 is rated 8.6 in overall. The institution rating is 8.31 while teachers are rated 8.49. Support services of AMU is rated 8.29, materials supplied 8.46, and value rating is 8.71.

By: Akash Aggarwal

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

For University of Phoenix Reviews and Devry University Reviews, I invite you to visit my website on Accredited Online Schools.

This article has been written by Akash. Akash is an online journalist. He has written various articles on online education.

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Free Study Abroad In Europe – Attend A Top School Free!

Many tuition free universities are found abroad which allow students to opportunity to enjoy free study in Europe. If you apply directly to these schools, even being an international student and a non-European student, you do not have to pay tuition. . One example of a tuition free college is the Jonkoping International Business School. Based in Northern Scandinavia, the Jonkoping International Business School is an urban university that offers degrees in informatics, finance, business administration, commercial law, and political science studies. Bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees are offered, and most of the classes are in English. The school is relatively small, with a total enrollment of about 2000 students, of which 25% are international students.
Just like the Jonkoping International Business School, many other tuition free colleges have strong English support due to the . Not all of these institutions focus on business though. There is a wide range of degrees and programs provided around the world, including computer science, IT, and engineering degrees. Another great school is the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden or the University of Stockholm. These world-class institutions have international programs where the language of instruction is in English. Finland, Norway and even certain schools in Scotland also have a tuition free scheme that benefits those looking to study abroad for free or virtually free (meaning the cost of tuition is either waived or negligible).
There are high quality programs even medical school where one can take advantage of free study in europe. In order to participate in a free study abroad program, be aware that a list of prerequisites awaits you. First things being first, any prospective student needs to contact the embassy of his or her host country to acquire a student visa. Secondly, make sure to check with the university regarding any entry exams or grade requirements. All in all, the dream of attending college shouldn’t be hindered with tuition, and in the case of the many tuition free universities around the world, it doesn’t have to be. Learning more about these colleges offers you amazing opportunities few know about.

By: he-Author/75114>The Author

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N. Barbara Guyson is a former teacher with a Masters degree in education who attended advanced degree studies all over the world. Don’t apply to any college or university until you’ve learned more about the little-known ways to free study in europe . Visit our website to find out more. Get free info, hard-to-find facts, lists of schools and universities and more tips to live the lifestyle you strive for to attain.

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What Does It Mean To Be An Addiction Counselor?

What Does an Addiction Counselor Do?
Two types of counselors deal with addictions: mental health counselors and substance abuse counselors. Mental health counselors usually help individuals or groups with a wider variety of issues including depression, stress, and sometimes addiction or substance abuse.

Substance abuse counselors focus their entire practice on people with addictions. Their clients may have problems with drugs, alcohol, gambling, or even eating disorders. A lot of times they hold group sessions for addicts or their families, or run programs dedicated to preventing addictions.

Where Do Addiction Counselors Work?
A wide variety of facilities employ addiction counselors. Those that employ the most include:
• Outpatient Care Centers
• Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities
• Individual and Family Services
• General Medical and Surgical Hospitals

Other industries employ far fewer professionals, but offer higher salaries:
• Insurance Carriers
• Elementary and Secondary Schools
• Specialty Hospitals (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals)
• Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools

Local government is the one industry that makes the top 5 list in both categories.

Working hours can also vary widely depending on where you work. Some counselors work evening and weekend hours to accommodate people with full-time jobs, others may work more traditional hours.

How Do You Become an Addiction Counselor?
Both education and licensing requirements vary by state, especially if you want to become a substance abuse counselor. In most states, a different agency or board governs them than the one that governs all other counselors. For instance, substance abuse counselors may only need a high school diploma plus counselor certification. By contrast, other counselors need a master’s degree, up to 2-years of supervised clinical experience, and a passing score on a state-recognized exam to obtain a license.

In any counseling field, you can choose to take an exam to receive national certification through the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC). It’s not mandatory, but it does indicate to employers a certain level of proficiency.
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The Association for Addiction Professionals (NAADAC) offers several other optional certifications specifically for addiction counselors. There are certificate programs focusing on drugs and alcohol, tobacco, and adolescent addictions. Finally, the Master Addiction Counselor certification is for those counselors who have a master’s degree plus three years of supervised experience. Again, none of these are required for licensing but they can advance your career.

Job Prospects and Salaries for Addiction Counselors
While job prospects are excellent and growing rapidly, people don’t enter this profession to make huge amounts of money. The median earnings for addiction counselors in 2006 were $34,040, considerably lower than those of psychologists. Addiction counseling is an easier field to enter, however, with generally lower education requirements. Salaries are higher at the top employers, with mean annual wages at $42,430 for local government and mean salaries over $49,000 for those employed at elementary and secondary schools or with insurance carriers.

People who enter this profession can be proud of their work, helping individuals and loved ones deal with the difficulties of addictions and hopefully overcome them.

By: Kelli Smith

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Kelli Smith is the senior editor for www.Edu411.org. Edu411.org lists colleges and career institutes that offer training and programs in Addiction Counseling. Schools listed offer free information packages or academic consultation.

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